Changes & corrections

Frexalimab programme: extension study now authorised in 11 EU countries

The frexalimab programme page now says that the long-term Phase 3 extension study is authorised in 11 EU countries, including Greece, instead of six.

• According to the EU clinical trials register (CTIS), France, Italy, Czechia, Lithuania and Sweden authorised the study on 3 November 2026; recruitment has not started in any country.
• Nothing changes for Greece. The study is only for people who complete earlier frexalimab studies, and frexalimab is not an available treatment in Greece.

Supplements guide: K2 and B12 absorption

The vitamins section of the supplements, diets and protocols guide now addresses the claim that vitamin K2 helps the body absorb B12.

• It explains how B12 is absorbed and notes that no study showing that K2 improves B12 absorption was identified in this search.

Frexalimab extension study: Greek authorisation added

A bilingual update explains that Greece authorised the long-term Phase 3 extension study of frexalimab on 2 November 2026; the earlier update and the programme page were corrected.

• The authorisation lets the study proceed; it has not started accepting participants and is only for people who complete earlier frexalimab studies.
• The earlier update had said that Greece was not yet among the authorised countries; it now points to the Greek authorisation. Frexalimab is not an available treatment in Greece.

Frexalimab programme and extension-study authorisation added

A bilingual update and a new programme page explain that a long-term Phase 3 extension study of frexalimab was authorised in Belgium and Austria.

• The authorisation lets the study proceed; it has not started accepting participants and is only for people who complete earlier frexalimab studies.
• No Phase 3 results are available yet; Phase 2 showed fewer new active MRI lesions at week 12, not fewer relapses or less disability. Greek access is not established.

New guide: the gut microbiome and MS

A new bilingual guide explains what studies in people and mice show about gut bacteria and multiple sclerosis.

• It covers small treatment studies of probiotics, faecal transplants and diet, and their risks, with numbered sources. It offers no medical advice.

Site guide for AI search tools updated

The llms.txt file that AI search tools can read now lists the main English and Greek pages, including the supplements, diets and protocols guide.

• No reader page changed.

OPERA post hoc analysis by race and ethnicity added

A bilingual update explains a re-analysis of the OPERA I and II ocrelizumab trials in Black, Hispanic or Latino and White participants with relapsing MS.

• Ocrelizumab lowered the risk of disability worsening compared with interferon in Hispanic or Latino participants on a composite disability measure; in the 65 Black participants the result was not statistically significant.
• It was a post hoc subgroup analysis, funded by Roche, and only the published abstract was reviewed; it does not change treatment guidance.

Anti-CD20 lymph-node preprint added

A bilingual update explains a small Helsinki preprint that studied B cells in neck lymph nodes of people with MS before and during anti-CD20 treatment.

• One B-cell subset in the lymph nodes was not depleted and kept a gene-activity pattern linked to Epstein-Barr virus; no clinical outcome was measured.
• The preprint has not been peer reviewed and included only 5 people on anti-CD20 drugs; it does not support changing treatment.

Supplements, diets and protocols: what the evidence says

A new bilingual guide checks five common claims about vitamin D, diets, vitamins and supplements for MS against human studies and safety evidence.

• Each topic separates claims, study results, risks and what the evidence means today, with numbered sources.

Stem-cell clinics: a short summary in plain words

The section on paid stem-cell clinics in “Treatments available today” now opens with a three-sentence summary in plain words.

• The detailed text and its sources are unchanged.

Treatment guide: paid stem-cell clinics and aHSCT

A new section in “Treatments available today” explains how evidence-based aHSCT differs from private clinics that sell unproven “stem-cell therapy” for MS, and lists the warning signs named by regulators and scientific bodies.

• Nine new sources are added, including the ISSCR, the EMA, the Greek EOF, the US FDA and the MESEMS trial. No clinic is named.

Dark starting points and menu highlight

The homepage starting points now use the dark colour of the page header, and menu items highlight in a lighter shade of it on hover.

• The dark theme is unchanged. Text keeps at least the required contrast.

Calmer colours drawn from the logo

The light theme uses a cleaner warm background and slightly deeper coffee tones, and the homepage starting points use the soft caramel of the logo's nerve.

• The dark theme is unchanged. Text and controls keep at least the required contrast.

Simpler menu organised around readers' questions

The main menu now has five entries: What's new, What is MS?, Treatments, Greece and About; the homepage offers three starting points instead of four guide buttons.

• Treatments groups the treatments available today, new treatments in research, myelin repair and the full catalogue of studies and programmes.
• How to read research moved under About, and MS in numbers is accessible through the “What is MS?” page. No page was removed and existing links still work.

New “In plain words” summary on programme pages

Three programme pages now open with a short everyday-language answer: what it is, how far the research has got and what it means for a person with MS today.

• The first pages are Cenrifki (tolebrutinib), orelabrutinib and bavisant. The summary repeats only facts already checked on each page; the detailed sections below are unchanged.

APART-QSM imaging cohort added

A bilingual update explains a one-year MRI study that followed a myelin-sensitive signal in lesions of people with MS (145 at the first scan, 101 with a follow-up scan).

• Larger one-year increases in the signal were associated with female sex, ofatumumab treatment, relapsing-remitting MS and improvement in disability scores; the study does not show myelin repair or treatment benefit.
• It was an observational cohort with no randomised comparison of treatments, and about 30% of people with MS had no follow-up scan; only the published abstract was reviewed.

Rodent study on BCL11A in aged myelin precursor cells added

A bilingual update explains an eLife study in rat cells and aged mice suggesting that BCL11A helps aged myelin precursor cells mature.

• Raising BCL11A increased the maturation of aged precursor cells in the lab and in lesions of aged mice.
• BCL11A was raised by gene delivery in rodents only; the study did not measure restored myelin and does not show benefit or safety for people with MS.

Section pages now open with a dark header

The homepage and section pages now use the same dark header band as update and programme pages.

• Each section header keeps the page title and the first sentence of its introduction; the rest of the introduction follows directly below, word for word. On update pages, the date MyelinWatch published the page now sits on the same line as its label.

Mouse study on microglia in chronic demyelination added

A bilingual update explains a Nature Neuroscience mouse study linking chronic myelin loss to a dysfunctional microglial state.

• A desmosterol-like compound reduced myelin damage in mouse models, including an MS-like model (EAE); the study also examined post-mortem MS lesion tissue from 3 people.
• The compound was given only to mice; it does not show benefit or safety for people with MS.

Research labels made consistent across the site

Cards now use one vocabulary for study stage, participation and results, and labels no longer describe registrations or plans as results.

• The REMODEL Phase 3 update now says that remibrutinib led to fewer relapses than teriflunomide, instead of calling it an early finding. Positive laboratory or animal findings are labelled as such and not as clinical benefit.
• Programme cards show the research area, stage and current status with the same colours as update cards; an EU authorisation appears as a short badge, with the exact authorised indication on the programme page.
• Study registrations without results are no longer labelled as finding no effect or no benefit.

Update lists now follow the research event date

Updates, Emerging treatments and Myelin repair pages, related updates and the update links on programme pages now show the most recent scientific event first.

• Each card's top date is the date of the study, registry entry or regulatory development; the date MyelinWatch published the page is shown separately. When two events share a date, the more recently published page comes first. RSS feeds still follow publication order.

Media coverage added: Primenews, The President, Gargalianoi Online, iNewsgr.com

The media page now links to “Multiple sclerosis: Greek patient created an observatory of new treatments” (Primenews, 24 October 2026); “MyelinWatch: new independent observatory for the research and treatments of multiple sclerosis from a Greek patient” (The President, 24 October 2026); “MyelinWatch: The Greek platform for new research and treatments in multiple sclerosis” (Gargalianoi Online, 25 October 2026); “Multiple sclerosis: Greek patient created a platform for research and treatments” (iNewsgr.com, 24 October 2026).

• Greek headlines are shown here in English translation; the media page shows each original headline with its translation. Each link leads to the publisher's own article. MyelinWatch research content is unchanged.

English translations of media headlines

The English media page now shows an English translation under each Greek headline. The original headlines, links, order and dates are unchanged.

• The translations are by MyelinWatch; the original headline remains the reference.

Media page ready for new coverage

New outlets can now be added to the media page in the same format as the existing entries, including English-language articles. The listed articles, their order and their dates are unchanged.

• New coverage is added only after the owner approves the exact entry.

Shorter Facebook Page address

The footer Facebook link now uses the Page's new address, facebook.com/myelinwatch.

• It is the same MyelinWatch Page; the earlier numeric address still leads to it.

TOTEM-RRMS: EU register records the end of recruitment

The TOTEM-RRMS programme page now reports that the EU register records the end of recruitment in France and no longer says the current participant status is unresolved.

• At the 28 October 2026 check, the EU register (CTIS) listed TOTEM-RRMS, a Phase 2 study of testosterone in men with relapsing-remitting MS, as ongoing with recruitment ended, and recorded the end of recruitment in France on 29 June 2026.
• ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03910738), last updated 29 June 2025, still says the study is accepting participants. The study had no centre in Greece. No study results are posted.

Orelabrutinib: Monarch study now lists a Greek centre on ClinicalTrials.gov

The orelabrutinib programme page now reports the Athens centre listed in the Monarch ClinicalTrials.gov record and no longer says that record has no Greek location.

• The ClinicalTrials.gov record for Monarch (NCT07299019), in non-active secondary progressive MS, was updated on 27 October 2026 and lists "Errikos Dunant Hospital" in Athens as accepting participants; it matches the Henry Dunant Hospital Center already listed by the EU register. The earlier wording reflected the record as checked on 25 October.
• At the 28 October check, the EU register (Greek entry last updated 16 October) still listed recruitment in Greece for Monarch as pending. The registers were updated on different dates; readers should confirm participation and eligibility with the centre. No study results are posted.

Research update added: Artificial lymph-node scaffold induced immune tolerance in an MS animal model

Reduced disease activity in EAE mice, not a human clinical result

• The scientific event date is 2026-10-07, separate from this page publication date.
• This is an immune-tolerance research platform, not a treatment available to people with multiple sclerosis. EAE is not human MS; the animal findings cannot establish human efficacy, safety, durable remission, or access in Greece. No approved treatment has been shown to reliably restore myelin in MS clinical practice.

Research update added: Swiss paediatric MS cohort describes changes in first treatment choices

Relapse rates fell after treatment within each group; the study does not compare treatment effects reliably

• The scientific event date is 2026-10-19, separate from this page publication date.
• This small, descriptive cohort shows how a multicentre Swiss registry recorded care of people with paediatric-onset MS; the groups differed before treatment and were not randomised. It cannot show that one treatment category is better for an individual with paediatric-onset MS, establish long-term safety, or determine access in Greece. Treatment choices require a specialist experienced in paediatric-onset MS.

Research update added: REMODEL-1 and REMODEL-2: remibrutinib lowered relapse rates versus teriflunomide

Annualised relapse rates were lower in both trials; disability and long-term safety need separate appraisal

• The scientific event date is 2026-10-23, separate from this page publication date.
• The two trials support a relapse-rate benefit relative to teriflunomide in the studied RMS population. They do not by themselves establish individual benefit, superiority to every available therapy, prevention of disability progression, or Greek medicine availability. ClinicalTrials.gov currently lists both REMODEL studies as active without recruiting; seven Greek location rows in REMODEL-2 have generic site labels, not verified named centres or open places.

Research update added: Cholesterol and inflammation markers differ with severe progressive MS disability

Metabolic associations, not evidence that changing cholesterol repairs myelin or disability

• The scientific event date is 2026-10-15, separate from this page publication date.
• The work may guide research into progressive-MS biology, including pathways relevant to repair. It cannot tell whether cholesterol changes cause disability, whether a cholesterol medicine would help, or whether myelin was restored. Disease severity, nutrition and other factors may influence the associations. It does not support a change to an individual treatment.

Research update added: Small ocrelizumab model explores B-cell timing, without testing a new dosing schedule

Drug and CD19-positive B-cell measurements fit a simulation model; no clinical dosing change validated

• The scientific event date is 2026-08-28, separate from this page publication date.
• The model is an early research tool, not a validated instruction to delay, advance or skip an infusion. An individual dosing change requires clinical judgment and evidence beyond this small dataset. The article does not establish a new treatment or an access change in Greece.

Research update added: MMP-9 loss changed microglial responses but had little effect on remyelination in mice

Main mouse model showed minimal change in demyelination or remyelination

• The scientific event date is 2026-07-10, separate from this page publication date.
• This helps map a complex repair-related pathway and cautions against assuming that suppressing MMP-9 will restore myelin. Mouse and slice findings cannot establish a treatment effect, safety, or benefit for people with MS. No approved clinical treatment has been shown to reliably restore myelin in MS.

Research update added: Human spinal-cord organoids model oligodendrocyte states relevant to MS

The model reproduced some developmental and inflammatory cell signatures; no therapy tested in people

• The scientific event date is 2026-10-08, separate from this page publication date.
• The model may help future mechanism studies, but resemblance to human MS tissue does not prove that myelin can be repaired in patients or that any medicine works. It offers no clinical access or treatment choice today. No approved treatment has been shown to reliably restore myelin in MS clinical practice.

CTX112 donor-derived CAR-T study including progressive MS added to the research catalogue

A bilingual programme page explains the registered study and its status; the cited registry record has no posted results.

• The registry was first posted 2026-09-04; this is a catalogue addition, not a new trial event on 2026-10-27.
• No Greek study-centre availability or individual eligibility is established.

KITE-363 early cell-therapy study including MS added to the research catalogue

A bilingual programme page explains the registered study and its status; the cited registry record has no posted results.

• The registry was first posted 2025-12-26; this is a catalogue addition, not a new trial event on 2026-10-27.
• No Greek study-centre availability or individual eligibility is established.

P-CD19CD20-ALLO1 donor-cell study in progressive and relapsing MS added to the research catalogue

A bilingual programme page explains the registered study and its status; the cited registry record has no posted results.

• The registry was first posted 2025-06-06; this is a catalogue addition, not a new trial event on 2026-10-27.
• No Greek study-centre availability or individual eligibility is established.

Refractory-MS AHSCT protocol NCT06228781 added to the research catalogue

A bilingual programme page explains the registered study and its status; the cited registry record has no posted results.

• The registry was first posted 2024-01-29; this is a catalogue addition, not a new trial event on 2026-10-27.
• No Greek study-centre availability or individual eligibility is established.

BEAT-MS: AHSCT versus best available therapy in resistant relapsing MS added to the research catalogue

A bilingual programme page explains the registered study and its status; the cited registry record has no posted results.

• The registry was first posted 2019-08-07; this is a catalogue addition, not a new trial event on 2026-10-27.
• No Greek study-centre availability or individual eligibility is established.

Social links moved beside the site identity

Facebook and LinkedIn company links now appear as accessible icons beneath the MyelinWatch description in the footer.

• The destinations and support information are unchanged.

Brand palette and link previews refreshed

MyelinWatch uses a warmer coffee and cream navigation palette and new language-specific sharing images.

• The two research-track colors and the separate evidence, status, result and access labels retain their meanings. Existing research content is unchanged.

Research navigation reorganized

The main menu now groups the shared studies and programmes catalogue with the two research tracks under Research.

• Guides, Research and About open on desktop mouse hover and remain available by keyboard and touch. Existing page routes and research content are unchanged.

Creator profile expanded

The bilingual creator page now includes Tasos Fokas’s first-person biography and approved portrait.

• The page explains his personal motivation and how he selects research updates, with links to the methodology, media coverage and contact.

About navigation and reporter attribution updated

The primary navigation now groups the creator, methodology and media pages under About. The English media page gives the original reporter's name as Angela Fotopoulou.

• The three About links lead to existing pages; the creator biography and research content are unchanged.
• Greek reporter attribution and the original publisher article titles remain unchanged.

MyelinWatch media coverage page added

A bilingual page links to the original Athens-Macedonian News Agency report and selected coverage of MyelinWatch and its creator.

• The page groups related reprints under their outlets and links to the publishers' articles. It does not change the research dataset or treatment guidance.
• The footer now links to the MyelinWatch Facebook and LinkedIn pages.

Study participation explained for REMASTER and PriMroSe

The two programme pages now explain why eligible people might consider asking about participation, alongside the uncertainty and study limits.

• REMASTER and PriMroSe test whether investigational drugs can delay disability progression; neither study has posted results. Their blinded comparisons include placebo, so an individual cannot count on receiving the study drug or benefiting personally.
• The dated Greece recruitment information, centre contacts and distinction between PriMroSe and the separate Monarch study are retained. Current enrolment and eligibility require confirmation with the individual centre.

Greece study access and source wording updated

The Greece guide now separates country recruitment for two orelabrutinib studies and clarifies how the REMASTER EU site listings differ from generic ClinicalTrials.gov locations.

• At the 25 October source check, CTIS listed Greece as accepting participants for PriMroSe in primary progressive MS, with seven Greek site listings; for the separate Monarch study in non-active secondary progressive MS, Greek recruitment was pending, with six listings. Neither record establishes per-site enrolment or available places.
• At the 25 October CTIS check, REMASTER still had seven named Greek centres and country-level recruitment; its 18 September country recruitment event is unchanged. The ClinicalTrials.gov update posted 13 October has six generic Greek location rows, with no established one-to-one match. The homepage stays Cenrifki then fenebrutinib.
• The official 25 October CTIS check for ACT-1004-1239 listed the Netherlands as the only country with recruitment ongoing; Greece was not listed. The 16 September Greece-card date is retained, and country status does not establish an available place at any individual centre or a treatment benefit. The programme page's last substantive MyelinWatch update is 25 October; its original publication date of 20 September and research event dates are unchanged.
• Greek and English reader labels were made consistent across the site; those label changes do not update study results or source-check dates.

Azer-cel Phase 1 findings added

A bilingual update and programme page now explain initial conference results in 26 people with progressive MS.

• The sponsor-reported results describe short follow-up and no comparison group; clinical benefit and broad safety remain unproven.
• Official recruitment and Greek access are unverified. The selected homepage developments remain Cenrifki followed by fenebrutinib.

Language redirects now retain campaign links

A visit to the site root keeps its campaign query parameters when it opens the Greek or English edition.

• The static preview fallback also retains URL fragments; language choice and research content are unchanged.

The reader interface now uses a brown palette

Deep coffee and walnut actions, caramel accents in dark mode, and warm neutral panels now carry the site's brand.

• Research tracks and the labeled evidence, status, access and result distinctions remain separate from the brand palette.
• The duplicated latest-development callout was removed from Methodology; updates remain available through the normal update pages.

The homepage now starts with a clear MS introduction

The opening text explains what readers can learn about MS today and how to follow new treatments and myelin-repair research.

• Four guides appear once, directly below the introduction: MS basics, treatment guide, how to read research, and MS in numbers.
• The two selected research developments keep their previous order and source-linked context.

Source check dates can refresh between site releases

Sources & Coverage can show newer verified operational checks without changing the reviewed research articles or guides.

• Each date still describes a selected check or bounded discovery query, not the availability of an entire registry or a finding about a treatment.
• If a new check report is unavailable, earlier successful-access dates remain; if the feed is unavailable, the dated published snapshot remains visible.

A warmer design and clearer source coverage

The site uses a warm plum palette, shows dated and scoped source checks where evidence is available, and makes filters and navigation easier to use.

• Sources & Coverage distinguishes selected successful checks, partial checks, combined regulatory discovery and sources requiring manual verification.
• The change history now includes earlier public October updates; larger controls and clearer no-result messages help readers recover from filters.

Research cards and mobile source links became easier to use

Programme and update cards now have one clearly named main action, while source links stay visible inside narrow cards.

• Responsive and keyboard checks were added for Greek and English pages, including dark mode.

Homepage guides and selected developments were clarified

The homepage now presents one four-guide row followed by the selected Cenrifki and fenebrutinib developments, with clearer navigation and reading order.

• Separate updates covered the Ocrevus paediatric indication and an observational cladribine and aging analysis, each with its own evidence and limits.

Guides, research listings and MS figures became easier to read

The treatment guide, research catalogue and introductory pages gained clearer layout, navigation and source links at narrow and wide widths.

• The MS figures and basics pages now make their sources easier to find.

Reviewed C-CAR168 and REMASTER entries were published

Bilingual research entries and checked Greek study-centre information were added with source-specific limits and publication dates.

• The Greece listing uses verified named centres rather than a general access flag.

An aHSCT MRI research update was added

A reviewed bilingual update on MRI rim observations after aHSCT entered the research catalogue with its evidence limits stated.

Lucid-MS planning and study-approach explanations were added

A reviewed update on an agreement to prepare a planned Lucid-MS study was published, and key research approaches gained plain-language explanations in both languages.

A pcRBC research update and RED4MS context were added

The bilingual research catalogue added a reviewed pcRBC Kupffer-cell finding and clearer RED4MS programme context.

Ocrelizumab safety update for older adults was added

A reviewed update on infection safety in adults aged 55 and older was published with its population and evidence limits.

OPERA ten-year analysis was added

A bilingual reviewed update on the ten-year ocrelizumab OPERA analysis entered the research catalogue with the observational limits retained.

The treatment guide and new research updates were published

The bilingual treatment-history guide and reviewed Cenrifki, fenebrutinib and other research updates were added; the site also gained automatic dark mode.

• The selected homepage developments retained their owner-reviewed order.

MSC-NP biomarker update added

Added a source-linked update and programme page for a peer-reviewed analysis of cerebrospinal-fluid biomarkers from two progressive MS MSC-NP cohorts.

• The update distinguishes changes in biomarkers from clinical benefit, remyelination, symptom improvement and disability outcomes.
• The programme record retains the two ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers and related aliases for ongoing monitoring.

MyelinWatch expanded to two research tracks

The observatory now shares one evidence and review system for emerging MS treatments and myelin repair, with functional treatment discovery and no automatic publication of candidates.

• Added treatment query families that do not require myelin-repair terminology.
• Added stable programme/event metadata, multiple track tags and a publication review gate while preserving every existing programme URL.
• Added source/coverage transparency, track-specific RSS, reviewed search indexes and expanded shareable filters.
• No new unreviewed treatment claim was added to the public dataset.

Mobile filtering, plain-language copy and reader support improved

Android search submission now keeps filters active, technical wording and the limits of remyelination are explained in plain language, and the footer includes contact and optional-support information.

• Prevented the filter form from navigating when a mobile keyboard sends Search or Enter.
• Added cache-busted asset URLs so browsers receive the current filtering code immediately after deployment.
• Added a regression test for live input, mobile submit and clearing a search field.
• Added a concise creator and purpose statement plus [email protected] to the bilingual footer.
• Rewrote navigation, study cards, Greece-access notes and the reading guide for non-specialist readers.
• Explained the potential role of remyelination and why it would complement care rather than cure MS.
• Added an optional Revolut support link and local QR code, with a statement protecting editorial independence.

Reader context, evidence tools and country-aware language routing

The homepage now explains why myelin matters, shows the current evidence snapshot, distinguishes research from established care and records public changes and corrections.

• Added a concise, WHO-linked introduction to MS and myelin repair.
• Added an evidence ladder, current dataset counts and practical-availability labels on research records.
• Added a Greece-access filter and a public change-and-correction history.
• The root route now respects a saved language choice first, then opens Greek for visitors from Greece and English elsewhere.

Current research snapshot reviewed

The curated dataset was checked with 13 substantive updates, 12 human-study programmes, 8 translational programmes and 4 Greece-priority cards.

• Positive, negative, null, paused and stopped records remain visible.
• Human efficacy, safety-only, registered-trial and preclinical evidence remain separate classifications.

Fibronectin remyelination finding added

A peer-reviewed preclinical finding involving Greek research teams was added with an explicit warning that it is not a human treatment or evidence of clinical benefit.